Chemicals, such as inks and surfactants, are made of polymers with numerous molecules. Photocatalyst Recipes, which are used to make such polymers, have been developed. By following the order given here, anyone can make the desired catalyst. In the future, it will be possible to design photocatalysts through computers.
Published in Nature Catalysis, this breakthrough has been led by Professor Min Sang Kwon and his research group in the School of Materials Science and Engineering at UNIST.
In the study, Professor Kwon has introduced the guideline for obtaining organic photoredox catalysts for the first time. This principle is arranged in a single guide like the computer programming flow chart, but in theory it is possible to develop infinite number of organic photocatalysts. In fact, based on this principle, the researchers developed more than 30 kinds of organic photocatalysts and built libraries.
Figure 1. General guideline for organic photoredox catalysts design.
Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), which typically requires metal catalysts, is among the most widely used synthetic polymerization methods to prepare well-defined polymers. This technology is expensive because it needs a process to remove metal after synthesis, and it is difficult to completely remove metal, so it can not be applied to electronic or biomedical fields. To solve this problem, ‘Organocatalyzed Photoredox-Mediated ATRP (O-ATRP)’ using organic photocatalyst was developed. However, this technique also requires a large amount of catalyst, and there is a problem that coloration and biotoxicity are exhibited.
“O-ATRP, which does not use metal catalysts, requires a better organic photocatalyst to settle,” said Professor Kwon. “We have developed a platform to create organic photocatalysts and provide an appropriate flow chart to find a way to design a reaction-tailored photocatalyst that fits the target polymer.”
Monomers are basically required for the synthesis of polymers. The properties of the organic photocatalyst required (for example, light absorption wavelength, oxidation / reduction energy, etc.) vary depending on the type of the monomer. Kwon and his colleagues synthesized the design flow chart (Shown in Figure 2). By defining the desired polymer reaction and then designing the catalyst according to this flowchart and gradually adjusting it, an organic photocatalyst can be easily obtained.
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of organic photoredox catalysts.
“In the past, organic photocatalysts have been developed by applying a photocatalyst candidate that absorbs light directly to polymer and chemical reactions one by one (Trial & Error),” says Professor Kwon. “In addition, the newly developed method can design an organic photocatalyst suitable for ‘specific polymer and chemical reaction’ according to a single design principle, so that, in combination with machine learning, the photocatalyst design can be expected purely through a computer.”
The organic photocatalyst developed by this method successfully synthesized the polymer even if only 0.5 ppm was used. It was also possible to use monomers that were difficult to use in O-ATRP.
“The organic photocatalytic platform will not only remove the metal catalyst like the existing ARTP process, but also it will be able to utilize various monomolecules with low cost, and will develop the O-ARTP field innovatively,” says Professor Kwon. “In addition, we expect to be a powerful catalyst design platform that can be utilized not only for polymer synthesis but also for artificial photosynthesis and water decomposition.”
The first author of this study is Dr. Varun Kumar Singh in the School of Materials Science and Engineering at UNIST and Distinguished Professor Kwang S. Kim in the School of Natural Science (National Scientist) and Dr. Johannes Gierschner of the Madrid Research Center in Spain partook in the research, as corresponding authors. Besides, Jiseok Lee (Department of Chemical Engineering, UNIST) and Lee Soon Park (Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UNIST) took part in the study as co-authors.
Journal Reference
Varun Kumar Singh, et al., “Highly efficient organic photocatalysts discovered via a computer-aided-design strategy for visible-light-driven atom transfer radical polymerization,” Nature Catalysis, (2018).
